~ Vitamin K's Delicate Balancing Act, Part 3
References
1. Saltzman JR, Russell RM. The aging gut. Nutritional issues. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998 Jun;27(2):309-24.
2. Moriuchi S, Hosoya N. Changes of vitamin status and calcium metabolism in aging. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo). 1985 Dec;31 SupplS11-4.
3. Tsaioun KI. Vitamin K-dependent proteins in the developing and aging nervous system. Nutr Rev. 1999 Aug;57(8):231-40.
4. Saunders LZ. Frank Schofield (1889-1970) and anticoagulant therapy. Med Herit. 1986 Jul;2(4):310-2.
5. Meier B. Blood thinning in heart patients. Ther Umsch. 1995 Oct;52(10):661-71.
6. Dorffler-Melly J, Schmidli J, Mahler F. Anticoagulation and antiaggregation in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases. Ther Umsch. 2003 Jan;60(1):36-42.
7. Mueller RL, Scheidt S. History of drugs for thrombotic disease. Discovery, development, and directions for the future. Circulation. 1994 Jan;89(1):432-49.
8. Miggiano GA, Robilotta L. Vitamin K and diet: problems and prospects. Clin Ter. 2005 Jan;156(1-2):41-6.
9. Israels LG, Israels ED, Saxena SP. The riddle of vitamin K1 deficit in the newborn. Semin Perinatol. 1997 Feb;21(1):90-6.
10. Kowdley KV. Lipids and lipid-activated vitamins in chronic cholestatic diseases. Clin Liver Dis. 1998 May;2(2):373-89.
11. Krahenbuhl S. Consequences of cholestasis from the hepatologist’s viewpoint. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 May 10;127(19):821-8.
12. Mager DR, McGee PL, Furuya KN, Roberts EA. Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in children with mild to moderate chronic liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Jan;42(1):71-6.
13. Sokol RJ. Fat-soluble vitamins and their importance in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1994 Dec;23(4):673-705.
14. Berkner KL, Runge KW. The physiology of vitamin K nutriture and vitamin K-dependent protein function in atherosclerosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Dec;2(12):2118-32.
15. Shoji S. Vitamin K and vascular calcification. Clin Calcium. 2002 Aug;12(8):1123-8.
16. Plaza SM, Lamson DW. Vitamin K2 in bone metabolism and osteoporosis. Altern Med Rev. 2005 Mar;10(1):24-35.
17. Booth SL, Suttie JW. Dietary intake and adequacy of vitamin K. J Nutr. 1998 May;128(5):785-8.
18. Davidson RT, Foley AL, Engelke JA, Suttie JW. Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone-4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria. J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2):220-3.
19. Thijssen HH, Drittij-Reijnders MJ. Vitamin K status in human tissues: tissue-specific accumulation of phylloquinone and menaquinone-4. Br J Nutr. 1996 Jan;75(1):121-7.
20. Askim M. Vitamin K in the Norwegian diet and osteoporosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001 Sep 20;121(22):2614-6.
21. Jesty J, Beltrami E. Positive feedbacks of coagulation: their role in threshold regulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Dec;25(12):2463-9.
22. Bern M. Observations on possible effects of daily vitamin K replacement, especially upon warfarin therapy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004 Nov;28(6):388-98.
23. Espana F, Medina P, Navarro S, et al. The multifunctional protein C system. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents. 2005 Apr;3(2):119-31.
24. Dahlback B, Villoutreix BO. The anticoagulant protein C pathway. FEBS Lett. 2005 Jun 13;579(15):3310-6.
25. Matsuzaka T, Tanaka H, Fukuda M, et al. Relationship between vitamin K dependent coagulation factors and anticoagulants (protein C and protein S) in neonatal vitamin K deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Mar;68(3 Spec No):297-302.
26. Esmon CT. Coagulation inhibitors in inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Apr;33(Pt 2):401-5.
27. Vermeer C, Shearer MJ, Zittermann A, et al. Beyond deficiency: potential benefits of increased intakes of vitamin K for bone and vascular health. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Dec;43(6):325-35.
28. Okano T. Vitamin D, K and bone mineral density. Clin Calcium. 2005 Sep;15(9):1489-94.
29. McLean RR, Booth SL, Kiel DP, et al. Association of dietary and biochemical measures of vitamin K with quantitative ultrasound of the heel in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2006 Jan 6;1-8.
30. Kaneki M. Vitamin K2 as a protector of bone health and beyond. Clin Calcium. 2005 Apr;15(4):605-10.
31. Bonjour JP, Schurch MA, Rizzoli R. Nutritional aspects of hip fractures. Bone. 1996 Mar;18(3 Suppl):139S-44S.
32. Weber P. The role of vitamins in the prevention of osteoporosis—a brief status report. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 May;69(3):194-7.
33. Iwasaki Y, Yamato H, Murayama H, et al. Menatetrenone prevents osteoblast dysfunction in unilateral sciatic neurectomized rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;90(1):88-93.
34. Kishimoto H. Vitamin K and bone quality. Clin Calcium. 2004 Apr;14(4):621-6.
35. Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Combined treatment with vitamin k2 and bisphosphonate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Yonsei Med J. 2003 Oct 30;44(5):751-6.
36. Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W. Bone health. New role for vitamin K? Can Fam Physician. 2004 Jul;50:993-7.
37. Adams J, Pepping J. Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 Aug 1;62(15):1574-81.
38. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1232S-39S.
39. Available at: http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0267.shtml. Accessed February 8, 2006.
40. Bostrom K, Demer LL. Regulatory mechanisms in vascular calcification. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2000;10(2):151-8.
41. Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK. Bisphosphonates alendronate and ibandronate inhibit artery calcification at doses comparable to those that inhibit bone resorption. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 May;21(5):817-24.
42. Demer LL, Tintut Y, Parhami F. Novel mechanisms in accelerated vascular calcification in renal disease patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2002 Jul;11(4):437-43.
43. Devaraj S, Rosenson RS, Jialal I. Metabolic syndrome: an appraisal of the pro-inflammatory and procoagulant status. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004 Jun;33(2):431-53.
44. Seyama Y, Wachi H. Atherosclerosis and matrix dystrophy. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2004;11(5):236-45.
45. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Knapen MH, et al. Novel conformation-specific antibodies against matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein: undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein as marker for vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Aug;25(8):1629-33.
46. Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr. 2004 Nov;134(11):3100-5.
47. Villines TC, Hatzigeorgiou C, Feuerstein IM, O’Malley PG, Taylor AJ. Vitamin K1 intake and coronary calcification. Coron Artery Dis. 2005 May;16(3):199-203.
48. Kurnik D, Lubetsky A, Loebstein R, Almog S, Halkin H. Multivitamin supplements may affect warfarin anticoagulation in susceptible patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Nov;37(11):1603-6.
49. Collier S, Fulhan J, Duggan C. Nutrition for the pediatric office: update on vitamins, infant feeding and food allergies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Jun;16(3):314-20.
50. Cornelissen M, von KR, Loughnan P, Schubiger G. Prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding: efficacy of different multiple oral dose schedules of vitamin K. Eur J Pediatr. 1997 Feb;156(2):126-30.
51. Eguchi T, Nakase H, Morimoto T, et al. Postoperative intracranial hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency: report of two cases. No Shinkei Geka. 1992 Jan;20(1):73-7.
52. Huilgol VR, Markus SL, Vakil NB. Antibiotic-induced iatrogenic hemobilia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Apr;92(4):706-7.
53. Gordon BG, Haire WD, Stephens LC, Kotulak GD, Kessinger A. Protein C deficiency following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: optimization of intravenous vitamin K dose. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993 Jul;12(1):73-6.
54. Booth SL, Lichtenstein AH, O’Brien-Morse M, et al. Effects of a hydrogenated form of vitamin K on bone formation and resorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;74(6):783-90.
55. Shetty HG, Woods F, Routledge PA. The pharmacology of oral anticoagulants: implications for therapy. J Heart Valve Dis. 1993 Jan;2(1):53-62.
56. Hathcock JN. Metabolic mechanisms of drug-nutrient interactions. Fed Proc. 1985 Jan;44(1 Pt 1):124-9.
57. Sebastian JL, Tresch DD. Use of oral anticoagulants in older patients. Drugs Aging. 2000 Jun;16(6):409-35.
58. Weiss P, Soff GA, Halkin H, Seligsohn U. Decline of proteins C and S and factors II, VII, IX and X during the initiation of warfarin therapy. Thromb Res. 1987 Mar 15;45(6):783-90.
59. Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, et al. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 2;352(22):2285-93.
60. Veenstra DL, You JH, Rieder MJ, et al. Association of Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) variants with warfarin dose in a Hong Kong Chinese patient population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Oct;15(10):687-91.
61. Dentali F, Ageno W. Management of coumarin-associated coagulopathy in the non-bleeding patient: a systematic review. Haematologica. 2004 Jul;89(7):857-62.
62. Crowther MA, Donovan D, Harrison L, McGinnis J, Ginsberg J. Low-dose oral vitamin K reliably reverses over-anticoagulation due to warfarin. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Jun;79(6):1116-8.
63. Crowther MA, Julian J, McCarty D, et al. Treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy with oral vitamin K: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2000 Nov 4;356(9241):1551-3.
64. Duong TM, Plowman BK, Morreale AP, Janetzky K. Retrospective and prospective analyses of the treatment of overanticoagulated patients. Pharmacotherapy. 1998 Nov;18(6):1264-70.
65. Gunther KE, Conway G, Leibach L, Crowther MA. Low-dose oral vitamin K is safe and effective for outpatient management of patients with an INR>10. Thromb Res. 2004;113(3-4):205-9.
66. Poli D, Antonucci E, Lombardi A, et al. Safety and effectiveness of low dose oral vitamin K1 administration in asymptomatic out-patients on warfarin or acenocoumarol with excessive anticoagulation. Haematologica. 2003 Feb;88(2):237-8.
67. Shetty HG, Backhouse G, Bentley DP, Routledge PA. Effective reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with low dose vitamin K1. Thromb Haemost. 1992 Jan 23;67(1):13-5.
68. Reese AM, Farnett LE, Lyons RM, et al. Low-dose vitamin k to augment anticoagulation control. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(12):1746-51.
69. Koshihara Y, Hoshi K, Ishibashi H, Shiraki M. Vitamin K2 promotes 1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3-induced mineralization in human periosteal osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996 Dec;59(6):466-73.
70. Simon RR, Beaudin SM, Johnston M, Walton KJ, Shaughnessy SG. Long-term treatment with sodium warfarin results in decreased femoral bone strength and cancellous bone volume in rats. Thromb Res. 2002 Feb 15;105(4):353-8.
71. Philip WJ, Martin JC, Richardson JM, et al. Decreased axial and peripheral bone density in patients taking long-term warfarin. QJM. 1995 Sep;88(9):635-40.
72. Booth SL, Mayer J. Warfarin use and fracture risk. Nutr Rev. 2000 Jan;58(1):20-2.
73. Hansen LB, Vondracek SF. Prevention and treatment of nonpostmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004 Dec 15;61(24):2637-54.
74. Barnes C, Newall F, Ignjatovic V, et al. Reduced bone density in children on long-term warfarin. Pediatr Res. 2005 Apr;57(4):578-81.
75. Koos R, Mahnken AH, Muhlenbruch G, et al. Relation of oral anticoagulation to cardiac valvular and coronary calcium assessed by multislice spiral computed tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Sep 15;96(6):747-9.
76. Hara K, Kobayashi M, Akiyama Y. Comparison of inhibitory effects of warfarin on gamma-carboxylation between bone and liver in rats. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23(5):366-72.
77. Shah NS, Lazarus MC, Bugdodel R, et al. The effects of topical vitamin K on bruising after laser treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002 Aug;47(2):241-4.
78. Nouso K, Uematsu S, Shiraga K, et al. Regression of hepatocellular carcinoma during vitamin K administration. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 14;11(42):6722-4.
79. Yoshiji H, Kuriyama S, Noguchi R, et al. Amelioration of carcinogenesis and tumor growth in the rat liver by combination of vitamin K2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor via anti-angiogenic activities. Oncol Rep. 2006 Jan;15(1):155-9.
80. Kuriyama S, Hitomi M, Yoshiji H, et al. Vitamins K2, K3 and K5 exert in vivo antitumor effects on hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the expression of G1 phase-related cell cycle molecules. Int J Oncol. 2005 Aug;27(2):505-11.
81. Enokimura N, Shiraki K, Kawakita T, et al. Vitamin K analog (compound 5) induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma independent of the caspase pathway. Anticancer Drugs. 2005 Sep;16(8):837-44.
82. Hitomi M, Yokoyama F, Kita Y, et al. Antitumor effects of vitamins K1, K2 and K3 on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol. 2005 Mar;26(3):713-20.
83. Lin C, Kang J, Zheng R. Vitamin K3 triggers human leukemia cell death through hydrogen peroxide generation and histone hyperacetylation. Pharmazie. 2005 Oct;60(10):765-71.
84. Yokoyama T, Miyazawa K, Yoshida T, Ohyashiki K. Combination of vitamin K2 plus imatinib mesylate enhances induction of apoptosis in small cell lung cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol. 2005 Jan;26(1):33-40.
85. Gad A, Tanaka E, Matsumoto A, et al. Assessment of KL-6 as a tumor marker in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 14;11(42):6607-12.
86. Iso Y, Sawada T, Shimoda M, et al. Solitary AFP- and PIVKA-II-producing hepatoid gastric cancer with giant lymph node metastasis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005 Nov;52(66):1930-2.
87. Hasegawa Y, Tomita K, Hashimoto K, et al. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (PIVKA-II)-producing mediastinal embryonal carcinoma with features of hepatoid differentiation. Anticancer Res. 2005 Nov;25(6C):4569-71.
88. Dahlback B, Villoutreix BO. Regulation of blood coagulation by the protein C anticoagulant pathway: novel insights into structure-function relationships and molecular recognition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jul;25(7):1311-20.
89. Gage BF, Birman-Deych E, Radford MJ, Nilasena DS, Binder EF. Risk of osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients taking warfarin: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation 2. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Jan 23;166(2):241-6.
90. Tang QY, Kukita T, Ushijima Y, et al. Regulation of osteoclastogenesis by Simon extracts composed of caffeic acid and related compounds: successful suppression of bone destruction accompanied with adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Histochem Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 5;1-11.
91. Schurgers LJ, Aebert H, Vermeer C, Bultmann B, Janzen J. Oral anticoagulant treatment: friend or foe in cardiovascular disease? Blood. 2004 Nov 15;104(10):3231-2.
92. Braam LA, Hoeks AP, Brouns F, et al. Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study. Thromb Haemost. 2004 Feb;91(2):373-80.
1. Saltzman JR, Russell RM. The aging gut. Nutritional issues. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998 Jun;27(2):309-24.
2. Moriuchi S, Hosoya N. Changes of vitamin status and calcium metabolism in aging. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo). 1985 Dec;31 SupplS11-4.
3. Tsaioun KI. Vitamin K-dependent proteins in the developing and aging nervous system. Nutr Rev. 1999 Aug;57(8):231-40.
4. Saunders LZ. Frank Schofield (1889-1970) and anticoagulant therapy. Med Herit. 1986 Jul;2(4):310-2.
5. Meier B. Blood thinning in heart patients. Ther Umsch. 1995 Oct;52(10):661-71.
6. Dorffler-Melly J, Schmidli J, Mahler F. Anticoagulation and antiaggregation in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases. Ther Umsch. 2003 Jan;60(1):36-42.
7. Mueller RL, Scheidt S. History of drugs for thrombotic disease. Discovery, development, and directions for the future. Circulation. 1994 Jan;89(1):432-49.
8. Miggiano GA, Robilotta L. Vitamin K and diet: problems and prospects. Clin Ter. 2005 Jan;156(1-2):41-6.
9. Israels LG, Israels ED, Saxena SP. The riddle of vitamin K1 deficit in the newborn. Semin Perinatol. 1997 Feb;21(1):90-6.
10. Kowdley KV. Lipids and lipid-activated vitamins in chronic cholestatic diseases. Clin Liver Dis. 1998 May;2(2):373-89.
11. Krahenbuhl S. Consequences of cholestasis from the hepatologist’s viewpoint. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 May 10;127(19):821-8.
12. Mager DR, McGee PL, Furuya KN, Roberts EA. Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in children with mild to moderate chronic liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Jan;42(1):71-6.
13. Sokol RJ. Fat-soluble vitamins and their importance in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1994 Dec;23(4):673-705.
14. Berkner KL, Runge KW. The physiology of vitamin K nutriture and vitamin K-dependent protein function in atherosclerosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Dec;2(12):2118-32.
15. Shoji S. Vitamin K and vascular calcification. Clin Calcium. 2002 Aug;12(8):1123-8.
16. Plaza SM, Lamson DW. Vitamin K2 in bone metabolism and osteoporosis. Altern Med Rev. 2005 Mar;10(1):24-35.
17. Booth SL, Suttie JW. Dietary intake and adequacy of vitamin K. J Nutr. 1998 May;128(5):785-8.
18. Davidson RT, Foley AL, Engelke JA, Suttie JW. Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone-4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria. J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2):220-3.
19. Thijssen HH, Drittij-Reijnders MJ. Vitamin K status in human tissues: tissue-specific accumulation of phylloquinone and menaquinone-4. Br J Nutr. 1996 Jan;75(1):121-7.
20. Askim M. Vitamin K in the Norwegian diet and osteoporosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001 Sep 20;121(22):2614-6.
21. Jesty J, Beltrami E. Positive feedbacks of coagulation: their role in threshold regulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Dec;25(12):2463-9.
22. Bern M. Observations on possible effects of daily vitamin K replacement, especially upon warfarin therapy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004 Nov;28(6):388-98.
23. Espana F, Medina P, Navarro S, et al. The multifunctional protein C system. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents. 2005 Apr;3(2):119-31.
24. Dahlback B, Villoutreix BO. The anticoagulant protein C pathway. FEBS Lett. 2005 Jun 13;579(15):3310-6.
25. Matsuzaka T, Tanaka H, Fukuda M, et al. Relationship between vitamin K dependent coagulation factors and anticoagulants (protein C and protein S) in neonatal vitamin K deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Mar;68(3 Spec No):297-302.
26. Esmon CT. Coagulation inhibitors in inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Apr;33(Pt 2):401-5.
27. Vermeer C, Shearer MJ, Zittermann A, et al. Beyond deficiency: potential benefits of increased intakes of vitamin K for bone and vascular health. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Dec;43(6):325-35.
28. Okano T. Vitamin D, K and bone mineral density. Clin Calcium. 2005 Sep;15(9):1489-94.
29. McLean RR, Booth SL, Kiel DP, et al. Association of dietary and biochemical measures of vitamin K with quantitative ultrasound of the heel in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2006 Jan 6;1-8.
30. Kaneki M. Vitamin K2 as a protector of bone health and beyond. Clin Calcium. 2005 Apr;15(4):605-10.
31. Bonjour JP, Schurch MA, Rizzoli R. Nutritional aspects of hip fractures. Bone. 1996 Mar;18(3 Suppl):139S-44S.
32. Weber P. The role of vitamins in the prevention of osteoporosis—a brief status report. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 May;69(3):194-7.
33. Iwasaki Y, Yamato H, Murayama H, et al. Menatetrenone prevents osteoblast dysfunction in unilateral sciatic neurectomized rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;90(1):88-93.
34. Kishimoto H. Vitamin K and bone quality. Clin Calcium. 2004 Apr;14(4):621-6.
35. Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Combined treatment with vitamin k2 and bisphosphonate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Yonsei Med J. 2003 Oct 30;44(5):751-6.
36. Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W. Bone health. New role for vitamin K? Can Fam Physician. 2004 Jul;50:993-7.
37. Adams J, Pepping J. Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 Aug 1;62(15):1574-81.
38. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1232S-39S.
39. Available at: http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0267.shtml. Accessed February 8, 2006.
40. Bostrom K, Demer LL. Regulatory mechanisms in vascular calcification. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2000;10(2):151-8.
41. Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK. Bisphosphonates alendronate and ibandronate inhibit artery calcification at doses comparable to those that inhibit bone resorption. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 May;21(5):817-24.
42. Demer LL, Tintut Y, Parhami F. Novel mechanisms in accelerated vascular calcification in renal disease patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2002 Jul;11(4):437-43.
43. Devaraj S, Rosenson RS, Jialal I. Metabolic syndrome: an appraisal of the pro-inflammatory and procoagulant status. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004 Jun;33(2):431-53.
44. Seyama Y, Wachi H. Atherosclerosis and matrix dystrophy. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2004;11(5):236-45.
45. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Knapen MH, et al. Novel conformation-specific antibodies against matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein: undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein as marker for vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Aug;25(8):1629-33.
46. Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr. 2004 Nov;134(11):3100-5.
47. Villines TC, Hatzigeorgiou C, Feuerstein IM, O’Malley PG, Taylor AJ. Vitamin K1 intake and coronary calcification. Coron Artery Dis. 2005 May;16(3):199-203.
48. Kurnik D, Lubetsky A, Loebstein R, Almog S, Halkin H. Multivitamin supplements may affect warfarin anticoagulation in susceptible patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Nov;37(11):1603-6.
49. Collier S, Fulhan J, Duggan C. Nutrition for the pediatric office: update on vitamins, infant feeding and food allergies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Jun;16(3):314-20.
50. Cornelissen M, von KR, Loughnan P, Schubiger G. Prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding: efficacy of different multiple oral dose schedules of vitamin K. Eur J Pediatr. 1997 Feb;156(2):126-30.
51. Eguchi T, Nakase H, Morimoto T, et al. Postoperative intracranial hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency: report of two cases. No Shinkei Geka. 1992 Jan;20(1):73-7.
52. Huilgol VR, Markus SL, Vakil NB. Antibiotic-induced iatrogenic hemobilia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Apr;92(4):706-7.
53. Gordon BG, Haire WD, Stephens LC, Kotulak GD, Kessinger A. Protein C deficiency following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: optimization of intravenous vitamin K dose. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993 Jul;12(1):73-6.
54. Booth SL, Lichtenstein AH, O’Brien-Morse M, et al. Effects of a hydrogenated form of vitamin K on bone formation and resorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;74(6):783-90.
55. Shetty HG, Woods F, Routledge PA. The pharmacology of oral anticoagulants: implications for therapy. J Heart Valve Dis. 1993 Jan;2(1):53-62.
56. Hathcock JN. Metabolic mechanisms of drug-nutrient interactions. Fed Proc. 1985 Jan;44(1 Pt 1):124-9.
57. Sebastian JL, Tresch DD. Use of oral anticoagulants in older patients. Drugs Aging. 2000 Jun;16(6):409-35.
58. Weiss P, Soff GA, Halkin H, Seligsohn U. Decline of proteins C and S and factors II, VII, IX and X during the initiation of warfarin therapy. Thromb Res. 1987 Mar 15;45(6):783-90.
59. Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, et al. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 2;352(22):2285-93.
60. Veenstra DL, You JH, Rieder MJ, et al. Association of Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) variants with warfarin dose in a Hong Kong Chinese patient population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Oct;15(10):687-91.
61. Dentali F, Ageno W. Management of coumarin-associated coagulopathy in the non-bleeding patient: a systematic review. Haematologica. 2004 Jul;89(7):857-62.
62. Crowther MA, Donovan D, Harrison L, McGinnis J, Ginsberg J. Low-dose oral vitamin K reliably reverses over-anticoagulation due to warfarin. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Jun;79(6):1116-8.
63. Crowther MA, Julian J, McCarty D, et al. Treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy with oral vitamin K: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2000 Nov 4;356(9241):1551-3.
64. Duong TM, Plowman BK, Morreale AP, Janetzky K. Retrospective and prospective analyses of the treatment of overanticoagulated patients. Pharmacotherapy. 1998 Nov;18(6):1264-70.
65. Gunther KE, Conway G, Leibach L, Crowther MA. Low-dose oral vitamin K is safe and effective for outpatient management of patients with an INR>10. Thromb Res. 2004;113(3-4):205-9.
66. Poli D, Antonucci E, Lombardi A, et al. Safety and effectiveness of low dose oral vitamin K1 administration in asymptomatic out-patients on warfarin or acenocoumarol with excessive anticoagulation. Haematologica. 2003 Feb;88(2):237-8.
67. Shetty HG, Backhouse G, Bentley DP, Routledge PA. Effective reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with low dose vitamin K1. Thromb Haemost. 1992 Jan 23;67(1):13-5.
68. Reese AM, Farnett LE, Lyons RM, et al. Low-dose vitamin k to augment anticoagulation control. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(12):1746-51.
69. Koshihara Y, Hoshi K, Ishibashi H, Shiraki M. Vitamin K2 promotes 1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3-induced mineralization in human periosteal osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996 Dec;59(6):466-73.
70. Simon RR, Beaudin SM, Johnston M, Walton KJ, Shaughnessy SG. Long-term treatment with sodium warfarin results in decreased femoral bone strength and cancellous bone volume in rats. Thromb Res. 2002 Feb 15;105(4):353-8.
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