~ Progesterone Misconceptions - References
References
1. Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Peris C, Berrino F. Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Jul;96(2):95-108.
2. Stein DG. The case for progesterone. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2005 Jun;1052:152-69.
3. Yen SSC. Endocrine-Metabolic Alterations in Pregnancy. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1991:936-981.
4. Andersen CY. Concentrations of free oestradiol and progesterone in human preovulatory follicular fluid. Hum Reprod. 1991 Mar;6(3):359-64.
5. Clarke CL, Sutherland RL. Progestin regulation of cellular proliferation. Endocr Rev. 1990 May;11(2):266-301.
6. Chang KJ, Lee TT, Linares-Cruz G, Fournier S, de Lignieres B. Influences of percutaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on human breast epithelial cell cycle in vivo. Fertil Steril. 1995 Apr;63(4):785-91.
7. Heersche JN, Bellows CG, Ishida Y. The decrease in bone mass associated with aging and menopause. J Prosthet Dent. 1998 Jan;79(1):14-6.
8. Dzugan SA, Smith RA. The simultaneous restoration of neurohormonal and metabolic integrity as a very promising method of migraine management. Bull Urg Rec Med. 2003;4(4):622-8.
9. Hotze SF. Hormones, Health, and Happiness. Houston, TX: Forrest Publishing; 2005.
10. Akande EO. Plasma concentration of gonadotrophins, oestrogen and progesterone in hypothyroid women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1975 Jul;82(7):552-6.
11. Dalton, K. The Premenstrual Syndrome and Progesterone Therapy. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1977.
12. Lee JR, Zava D, Hopkins V. What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Breast Cancer. New York, NY: Warner Books; 2002.
13. Huber J. Estrogen substitution therapy in climacteric: should progesterone be omitted in hysterectomized women? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1991 Apr;51(4):257-61.
14. Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Itoh H, et al. Hormone replacement therapy decreases insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in Japanese postmenopausal women with impaired and normal glucose tolerance. Horm Res. 2003;60(3):134-42.
15. Kanaya A, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jan 7;138(1):1-9.
16. Chmouliovsky L, Habicht F, James RW, Lehmann T, Campana A, Golay A. Beneficial effect of hormone replacement therapy on weight loss in obese menopausal women. Maturitas. 1999 Aug 16;32(3):147-53.
17. Available at: http://www.karger.com/gazette/66/mcewen/art_05.htm. Accessed January 10, 2005.
18. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L, et al. Differential signal transduction of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in human endothelial cells. Endocrinology. 2004 Dec; 145(12):5745-56.
19. Beckham JC, Krug LM, Penzien DB, et al. The relationship of ovarian steroids, headache activity and menstrual distress: a pilot study with female migraineurs. Headache. 1992 Jun;32(6):292-7.
20. Smith SS, Waterhouse BD, Chapin JK, Woodward DJ. Progesterone alters GABA and glutamate responsiveness: a possible mechanism for its anxiolytic action. Brain Res. 1987 Jan 6;400(2):353-9.
21. Gulinello M, Smith SS. Anxiogenic effects of neurosteroid exposure: sex differences and altered GABAA receptor pharmacology in adult rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 May;305(2):541-8.
22. Rupprecht R. Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological properties. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 Feb;28(2):139-68.
23. Le Melledo JM, Baker G. Role of progesterone and other neuroactive steroids in anxiety disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2004 Sep;4(5):851-60.
24. Hsu FC, Smith SS. Progesterone withdrawal reduces paired-pulse inhibition in rat hippocampus: dependence on GABA(A) receptor alpha4 subunit upregulation. J Neurophysiol. 2003 Jan;89(1):186-98.
25. Lipton RB, Stewart WF. Migraine in the United States: a review of epidemiology and health care use. Neurology. 1993 Jun;43(6 Suppl 3):S6-10.
26. Fettes I. Migraine in the menopause. Neurology. 1999;53(4 Suppl 1):S29-33.
27. Silberstein SD, Merriam GR. Sex hormones and headache. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1993 Feb;8(2):98-114.
28. Li W, Zheng T, Altura BM, Altura BT. Sex steroid hormones exert biphasic effects on cytosolic magnesium ions in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: possible relationships to migraine frequency in premenstrual syndromes and stroke incidence. Brain Res Bull. 2001 Jan 1;54(1):83-9.
29. Tolsa JF, Gao Y, Raj JU. Developmental change in magnesium sulfate-induced relaxation of rabbit pulmonary arteries. J Appl Physiol. 1999 Nov;87(5):1589-94.
30. O’Shaughnessy A, Muneyyirci-Delale O, Nacharaju VL, et al. Circulating divalent cations in asymptomatic ovarian hyperstimulation and in vitro fertilization patients. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2001;52(4):237-42.
31. Turner RT, Colvard DS, Spelsberg TC. Estrogen inhibition of periosteal bone formation in rat long bones: down-regulation of gene expression for bone matrix proteins. Endocrinology. 1990 Sep;127(3):1346-51.
32. Turner RT, Backup P, Sherman PJ, Hill E, Evans GL, Spelsberg TC. Mechanism of action of estrogen on intramembranous bone formation: regulation of osteoblast differentiation and activity. Endocrinology. 1992 Aug;131(2):883-9.
33. Barengolts EI, Kouznetsova T, Segalene A, et al. Effects of progesterone on serum levels of IGF-1 and on femur IGF-1 mRNA in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Oct;11(10):1406-12.
34. Cowan LD, Gordis L, Tonascia JA, Jones GS. Breast cancer incidence in women with a history of progesterone deficiency. Am J Epidemiol. 1981 Aug;114(2):209-17.
35. Formby B, Wiley TS. Progesterone inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells: inverse effects on Bcl-2 and p53. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1998 Nov-Dec;28(6):360-9.
36. Creasman WT. Hormone replacement therapy after cancers. Curr Opin Oncol. 2005 Sep;17(5):493-9.
37. Medina RA, Meneses AM, Vera JC, et al. Differential regulation of glucose transporter expression by estrogen and progesterone in Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. J Endocrinol. 2004 Sep;182(3):467-78.
38. De Vivo I, Huggins GS, Hankinson SE, et al. A functional polymorphism in the promoter of the progesterone receptor gene associated with endometrial cancer risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002 Sep 17;99(19):12263-8.
39. La Vecchia C, Brinton LA, McTiernan A. Cancer risk in menopausal women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2002 Jun;16(3):293-307.
40. Southcott BM. Carcinoma of the endometrium. Drugs. 2001;61(10):1395-405.
41. Mahavni V, Sood AK. Hormone replacement therapy and cancer risk. Curr Opin Oncol. 2001 Sep;13(5):384-9.
42. Beresford SA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestagen therapy in postmenopausal women. Lancet. 1997 Feb 15;349(9050):458-61.
43. Ravn SH, Rosenberg J, Bostofte E. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy—clinical implications. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1994 Feb;53(2):81-93.
44. Samsioe G. The endometrium: effects of estrogen and estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1994;39 Suppl 2:84-92.
45. Mohr PE, Wang DY, Gregory WM, Richards MA, Fentiman IS. Serum progesterone and prognosis in operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1996 Jun;73(12):1552-5.
46. Sodi R, Fikri R, Diver M, Ranganath L, Vora J. Testosterone replacement-induced hyperprolactinaemia: case report and review of the literature. Ann Clin Biochem. 2005 Mar;42(Pt 2):153-9.
47. Plourde PV, Reiter EO, Jou HC, et al. Safety and efficacy of anastrozole for the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4428-33.
48. Comhaire F, Mahmoud A. Preventing diseases of the prostate in the elderly using hormones and nutriceuticals. Aging Male. 2004 Jun;7(2):155-69.
49. Tilakaratne A, Soory M. Effects of the anti-androgen finasteride on 5 alpha-reduction of androgens in the presence of progesterone in human gingival fibroblasts: modulatory actions of the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole. J Periodontal Res. 2000 Aug;35(4):179-85.
50. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_06.pdf. Accessed October 4, 2005.
51. Apgar BS, Greenberg G. Using progestins in clinical practice. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Oct 15;62(8):1839-50.
1. Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Peris C, Berrino F. Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Jul;96(2):95-108.
2. Stein DG. The case for progesterone. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2005 Jun;1052:152-69.
3. Yen SSC. Endocrine-Metabolic Alterations in Pregnancy. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1991:936-981.
4. Andersen CY. Concentrations of free oestradiol and progesterone in human preovulatory follicular fluid. Hum Reprod. 1991 Mar;6(3):359-64.
5. Clarke CL, Sutherland RL. Progestin regulation of cellular proliferation. Endocr Rev. 1990 May;11(2):266-301.
6. Chang KJ, Lee TT, Linares-Cruz G, Fournier S, de Lignieres B. Influences of percutaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on human breast epithelial cell cycle in vivo. Fertil Steril. 1995 Apr;63(4):785-91.
7. Heersche JN, Bellows CG, Ishida Y. The decrease in bone mass associated with aging and menopause. J Prosthet Dent. 1998 Jan;79(1):14-6.
8. Dzugan SA, Smith RA. The simultaneous restoration of neurohormonal and metabolic integrity as a very promising method of migraine management. Bull Urg Rec Med. 2003;4(4):622-8.
9. Hotze SF. Hormones, Health, and Happiness. Houston, TX: Forrest Publishing; 2005.
10. Akande EO. Plasma concentration of gonadotrophins, oestrogen and progesterone in hypothyroid women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1975 Jul;82(7):552-6.
11. Dalton, K. The Premenstrual Syndrome and Progesterone Therapy. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1977.
12. Lee JR, Zava D, Hopkins V. What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Breast Cancer. New York, NY: Warner Books; 2002.
13. Huber J. Estrogen substitution therapy in climacteric: should progesterone be omitted in hysterectomized women? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1991 Apr;51(4):257-61.
14. Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Itoh H, et al. Hormone replacement therapy decreases insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in Japanese postmenopausal women with impaired and normal glucose tolerance. Horm Res. 2003;60(3):134-42.
15. Kanaya A, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jan 7;138(1):1-9.
16. Chmouliovsky L, Habicht F, James RW, Lehmann T, Campana A, Golay A. Beneficial effect of hormone replacement therapy on weight loss in obese menopausal women. Maturitas. 1999 Aug 16;32(3):147-53.
17. Available at: http://www.karger.com/gazette/66/mcewen/art_05.htm. Accessed January 10, 2005.
18. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L, et al. Differential signal transduction of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in human endothelial cells. Endocrinology. 2004 Dec; 145(12):5745-56.
19. Beckham JC, Krug LM, Penzien DB, et al. The relationship of ovarian steroids, headache activity and menstrual distress: a pilot study with female migraineurs. Headache. 1992 Jun;32(6):292-7.
20. Smith SS, Waterhouse BD, Chapin JK, Woodward DJ. Progesterone alters GABA and glutamate responsiveness: a possible mechanism for its anxiolytic action. Brain Res. 1987 Jan 6;400(2):353-9.
21. Gulinello M, Smith SS. Anxiogenic effects of neurosteroid exposure: sex differences and altered GABAA receptor pharmacology in adult rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 May;305(2):541-8.
22. Rupprecht R. Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological properties. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 Feb;28(2):139-68.
23. Le Melledo JM, Baker G. Role of progesterone and other neuroactive steroids in anxiety disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2004 Sep;4(5):851-60.
24. Hsu FC, Smith SS. Progesterone withdrawal reduces paired-pulse inhibition in rat hippocampus: dependence on GABA(A) receptor alpha4 subunit upregulation. J Neurophysiol. 2003 Jan;89(1):186-98.
25. Lipton RB, Stewart WF. Migraine in the United States: a review of epidemiology and health care use. Neurology. 1993 Jun;43(6 Suppl 3):S6-10.
26. Fettes I. Migraine in the menopause. Neurology. 1999;53(4 Suppl 1):S29-33.
27. Silberstein SD, Merriam GR. Sex hormones and headache. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1993 Feb;8(2):98-114.
28. Li W, Zheng T, Altura BM, Altura BT. Sex steroid hormones exert biphasic effects on cytosolic magnesium ions in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: possible relationships to migraine frequency in premenstrual syndromes and stroke incidence. Brain Res Bull. 2001 Jan 1;54(1):83-9.
29. Tolsa JF, Gao Y, Raj JU. Developmental change in magnesium sulfate-induced relaxation of rabbit pulmonary arteries. J Appl Physiol. 1999 Nov;87(5):1589-94.
30. O’Shaughnessy A, Muneyyirci-Delale O, Nacharaju VL, et al. Circulating divalent cations in asymptomatic ovarian hyperstimulation and in vitro fertilization patients. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2001;52(4):237-42.
31. Turner RT, Colvard DS, Spelsberg TC. Estrogen inhibition of periosteal bone formation in rat long bones: down-regulation of gene expression for bone matrix proteins. Endocrinology. 1990 Sep;127(3):1346-51.
32. Turner RT, Backup P, Sherman PJ, Hill E, Evans GL, Spelsberg TC. Mechanism of action of estrogen on intramembranous bone formation: regulation of osteoblast differentiation and activity. Endocrinology. 1992 Aug;131(2):883-9.
33. Barengolts EI, Kouznetsova T, Segalene A, et al. Effects of progesterone on serum levels of IGF-1 and on femur IGF-1 mRNA in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Oct;11(10):1406-12.
34. Cowan LD, Gordis L, Tonascia JA, Jones GS. Breast cancer incidence in women with a history of progesterone deficiency. Am J Epidemiol. 1981 Aug;114(2):209-17.
35. Formby B, Wiley TS. Progesterone inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells: inverse effects on Bcl-2 and p53. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1998 Nov-Dec;28(6):360-9.
36. Creasman WT. Hormone replacement therapy after cancers. Curr Opin Oncol. 2005 Sep;17(5):493-9.
37. Medina RA, Meneses AM, Vera JC, et al. Differential regulation of glucose transporter expression by estrogen and progesterone in Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. J Endocrinol. 2004 Sep;182(3):467-78.
38. De Vivo I, Huggins GS, Hankinson SE, et al. A functional polymorphism in the promoter of the progesterone receptor gene associated with endometrial cancer risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002 Sep 17;99(19):12263-8.
39. La Vecchia C, Brinton LA, McTiernan A. Cancer risk in menopausal women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2002 Jun;16(3):293-307.
40. Southcott BM. Carcinoma of the endometrium. Drugs. 2001;61(10):1395-405.
41. Mahavni V, Sood AK. Hormone replacement therapy and cancer risk. Curr Opin Oncol. 2001 Sep;13(5):384-9.
42. Beresford SA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestagen therapy in postmenopausal women. Lancet. 1997 Feb 15;349(9050):458-61.
43. Ravn SH, Rosenberg J, Bostofte E. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy—clinical implications. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1994 Feb;53(2):81-93.
44. Samsioe G. The endometrium: effects of estrogen and estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1994;39 Suppl 2:84-92.
45. Mohr PE, Wang DY, Gregory WM, Richards MA, Fentiman IS. Serum progesterone and prognosis in operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1996 Jun;73(12):1552-5.
46. Sodi R, Fikri R, Diver M, Ranganath L, Vora J. Testosterone replacement-induced hyperprolactinaemia: case report and review of the literature. Ann Clin Biochem. 2005 Mar;42(Pt 2):153-9.
47. Plourde PV, Reiter EO, Jou HC, et al. Safety and efficacy of anastrozole for the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4428-33.
48. Comhaire F, Mahmoud A. Preventing diseases of the prostate in the elderly using hormones and nutriceuticals. Aging Male. 2004 Jun;7(2):155-69.
49. Tilakaratne A, Soory M. Effects of the anti-androgen finasteride on 5 alpha-reduction of androgens in the presence of progesterone in human gingival fibroblasts: modulatory actions of the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole. J Periodontal Res. 2000 Aug;35(4):179-85.
50. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_06.pdf. Accessed October 4, 2005.
51. Apgar BS, Greenberg G. Using progestins in clinical practice. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Oct 15;62(8):1839-50.
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