~ Dec 07 Managing An Overactive Thyroid - References
References
1. Laurberg P, Andersen S, Bulow P, I, Carle A. Hypothyroidism in the elderly: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Drugs Aging. 2005;22(1):23-38.
2. Jayakumar RV. Hypothyroidism. J Indian Med Assoc. 2006 Oct;104(10):557-60, 562.
3. Heitman B, Irizarry A. Hypothyroidism: common complaints, perplexing diagnosis. Nurse Pract. 1995 Mar;20(3):54-60.
4. Caturegli P, Kimura H, Rocchi R, Rose NR. Autoimmune thyroid diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007 Jan;19(1):44-8.
5. Maji D. Hyperthyroidism. J Indian Med Assoc. 2006 Oct;104(10):563-7.
6. Sinclair C, Gilchrist JM, Hennessey JV, Kandula M. Muscle carnitine in hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Muscle Nerve. 2005 Sep;32(3):357-9.
7. Nayak B, Burman K. Thyrotoxicosis and thyroid storm. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2006 Dec;35(4):663-86, vii.
8. Burch HB, Wartofsky L. Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid storm. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993 Jun;22(2):263-77.
9. Olson BR, Klein I, Benner R, et al. Hyperthyroid myopathy and the response to treatment. Thyroid. 1991;1(2):137-41.
10. Strack E, Woratz G, Rotzsch W. Effects of carnitine in hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Endokrinologie. 1959 Sep;38:218-25.
11. Strack E, Bloesche H, Bemm H, Rotzsch W. Use of L-carnitine in hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr. 1962 Apr;21:253-9.
12. Willgerodt H, Rotzsch W, Strack E. Effect of carnitine of the accumulation of iodine in the thyroid gland. Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr. 1965 Aug;25(3):127-35.
13. Emmrich R. New methods for the diagnosis and therapy of hyperthyroidism. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1967 Oct 27;109(43):2217-21.
14. Maebashi M, Kawamura N, Sato M, Imamura A, Yoshinaga K. Urinary excretion of carnitine in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: augmentation by thyroid hormone. Metabolism. 1977 Apr;26(4):351-6.
15. Fosslien E. Review: Mitochondrial medicine—cardiomyopathy caused by defective oxidative phosphorylation. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2003;33(4):371-95.
16. Jacob C, Belleville F. L-carnitine: metabolism, functions and value in pathology. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1992 Nov;40(9):910-9.
17. Sestoft L. Metabolic aspects of the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormone in mammals. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1980 Nov;13(5):489-506.
18. Turakulov I, Saatov TS, Rakhimdzhanova MT, Ismailkhodzhaeva G. Oxidation of palmityl carnitine in mitochondria of rat heart and liver tissue under conditions of thyroid pathology. Vopr Med Khim. 1981 Mar;27(2):197-200.
19. Suzuki M, Tokuyama K, Yamane A. Carnitine metabolism in thyroid hormone treated rats and mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1983 Aug;29(4):413-28.
20. Galland S, Georges B, Le Borgne F, Conductier G, Dias JV, Demarquoy J. Thyroid hormone controls carnitine status through modifications of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity and gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 Mar;59(3):540-5.
21. Benvenga S, Amato A, Calvani M, Trimarchi F. Effects of carnitine on thyroid hormone action. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004 Nov;1033:158-67.
22. Muller MJ, Koster H, Seitz HJ. Effect of thyroid state on ketogenic capacity of the isolated perfused liver of starved rats. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Dec 23;666(3):475-81.
23. DeFelice SL, Gilgore SG. The antagonistic effect of carnitine in hyperthyroidism. Preliminary report. J New Drugs. 1966 Nov;6(6):351-3.
24. Gilgore SG, DeFelice SL. Evaluation of carnitine—an antagonist of thyroid hormone. Clinical pharmacology report. J New Drugs. 1966 Nov;6(6):349-50.
25. Benvenga S, Lakshmanan M, Trimarchi F. Carnitine is a naturally occurring inhibitor of thyroid hormone nuclear uptake. Thyroid. 2000 Dec;10(12):1043-50.
26. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Aug;86(8):3579-94.
27. Migneco A, Ojetti V, Testa A, De LA, Gentiloni SN. Management of thyrotoxic crisis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Jan;9(1):69-74.
28. Benvenga S, Lapa D, Cannavo S, Trimarchi F. Successive thyroid storms treated with L-carnitine and low doses of methimazole. Am J Med. 2003 Oct 1;115(5):417-8.
29. Faivre S, Chieze S, Delbaldo C, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of aplidine, a new marine cyclodepsipeptide in patients with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 1;23(31):7871-80.
1. Laurberg P, Andersen S, Bulow P, I, Carle A. Hypothyroidism in the elderly: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Drugs Aging. 2005;22(1):23-38.
2. Jayakumar RV. Hypothyroidism. J Indian Med Assoc. 2006 Oct;104(10):557-60, 562.
3. Heitman B, Irizarry A. Hypothyroidism: common complaints, perplexing diagnosis. Nurse Pract. 1995 Mar;20(3):54-60.
4. Caturegli P, Kimura H, Rocchi R, Rose NR. Autoimmune thyroid diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007 Jan;19(1):44-8.
5. Maji D. Hyperthyroidism. J Indian Med Assoc. 2006 Oct;104(10):563-7.
6. Sinclair C, Gilchrist JM, Hennessey JV, Kandula M. Muscle carnitine in hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Muscle Nerve. 2005 Sep;32(3):357-9.
7. Nayak B, Burman K. Thyrotoxicosis and thyroid storm. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2006 Dec;35(4):663-86, vii.
8. Burch HB, Wartofsky L. Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid storm. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993 Jun;22(2):263-77.
9. Olson BR, Klein I, Benner R, et al. Hyperthyroid myopathy and the response to treatment. Thyroid. 1991;1(2):137-41.
10. Strack E, Woratz G, Rotzsch W. Effects of carnitine in hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Endokrinologie. 1959 Sep;38:218-25.
11. Strack E, Bloesche H, Bemm H, Rotzsch W. Use of L-carnitine in hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr. 1962 Apr;21:253-9.
12. Willgerodt H, Rotzsch W, Strack E. Effect of carnitine of the accumulation of iodine in the thyroid gland. Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr. 1965 Aug;25(3):127-35.
13. Emmrich R. New methods for the diagnosis and therapy of hyperthyroidism. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1967 Oct 27;109(43):2217-21.
14. Maebashi M, Kawamura N, Sato M, Imamura A, Yoshinaga K. Urinary excretion of carnitine in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: augmentation by thyroid hormone. Metabolism. 1977 Apr;26(4):351-6.
15. Fosslien E. Review: Mitochondrial medicine—cardiomyopathy caused by defective oxidative phosphorylation. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2003;33(4):371-95.
16. Jacob C, Belleville F. L-carnitine: metabolism, functions and value in pathology. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1992 Nov;40(9):910-9.
17. Sestoft L. Metabolic aspects of the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormone in mammals. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1980 Nov;13(5):489-506.
18. Turakulov I, Saatov TS, Rakhimdzhanova MT, Ismailkhodzhaeva G. Oxidation of palmityl carnitine in mitochondria of rat heart and liver tissue under conditions of thyroid pathology. Vopr Med Khim. 1981 Mar;27(2):197-200.
19. Suzuki M, Tokuyama K, Yamane A. Carnitine metabolism in thyroid hormone treated rats and mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1983 Aug;29(4):413-28.
20. Galland S, Georges B, Le Borgne F, Conductier G, Dias JV, Demarquoy J. Thyroid hormone controls carnitine status through modifications of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity and gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 Mar;59(3):540-5.
21. Benvenga S, Amato A, Calvani M, Trimarchi F. Effects of carnitine on thyroid hormone action. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004 Nov;1033:158-67.
22. Muller MJ, Koster H, Seitz HJ. Effect of thyroid state on ketogenic capacity of the isolated perfused liver of starved rats. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Dec 23;666(3):475-81.
23. DeFelice SL, Gilgore SG. The antagonistic effect of carnitine in hyperthyroidism. Preliminary report. J New Drugs. 1966 Nov;6(6):351-3.
24. Gilgore SG, DeFelice SL. Evaluation of carnitine—an antagonist of thyroid hormone. Clinical pharmacology report. J New Drugs. 1966 Nov;6(6):349-50.
25. Benvenga S, Lakshmanan M, Trimarchi F. Carnitine is a naturally occurring inhibitor of thyroid hormone nuclear uptake. Thyroid. 2000 Dec;10(12):1043-50.
26. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Aug;86(8):3579-94.
27. Migneco A, Ojetti V, Testa A, De LA, Gentiloni SN. Management of thyrotoxic crisis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Jan;9(1):69-74.
28. Benvenga S, Lapa D, Cannavo S, Trimarchi F. Successive thyroid storms treated with L-carnitine and low doses of methimazole. Am J Med. 2003 Oct 1;115(5):417-8.
29. Faivre S, Chieze S, Delbaldo C, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of aplidine, a new marine cyclodepsipeptide in patients with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 1;23(31):7871-80.
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