~ Apr 08 Why Aging People Become Depressed, Fatigued, and Overweight - References
References
1. Payton A, Gibbons L, Davidson Y, et al. Influence of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms on cognitive decline and cognitive abilities in a nondemented elderly population. Mol Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;10(12):1133-9.
2. Meltzer CC, Price JC, Mathis CA, et al. Serotonin 1A receptor binding and treatment response in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Dec;29(12):2258-65.
3. Meltzer CC, Smith G, DeKosky ST, et al. Serotonin in aging, late-life depression, and Alzheimer's disease: the emerging role of functional imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 Jun;18(6):407-30.
4. Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science. 1971 Jul 9;173(992):149-52.
5. Fukuwatari T, Ohta M, Kimtjra N, Sasaki R, Shibata K. Conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin in Japanese women fed a purified diet conforming to the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2004 Dec;50(6):385-91.
6. Bell C, Abrams J, Nutt D. Tryptophan depletion and its implications for psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry. 2001 May;178:399-405.
7. Juhl JH. Fibromyalgia and the serotonin pathway. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Oct;3(5):367-75.
8. Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cairella M, et al. Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;294:591-3.
9. Riemann D, Feige B, Hornyak M, Koch S, Hohagen F, Voderholzer U. The tryptophan depletion test: impact on sleep in primary insomnia - a pilot study. Psychiatry Res. 2002 Mar 15;109(2):129-35.
10. Demisch K, Bauer J, Georgi K, Demisch L. Treatment of severe chronic insomnia with L-tryptophan: results of a double-blind cross-over study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987 Nov;20(6):242-4.
11. Hartmann E, Lindsley JG, Spinweber C. Chronic insomnia: effects of tryptophan, flurazepam, secobarbital, and placebo. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1983;80(2):138-42.
12. Schneider-Helmert D. Interval therapy with L-tryptophan in severe chronic insomniacs. A predictive laboratory study. Int Pharmacopsychiatry. 1981;16(3):162-73.
13. Gendall KA, Joyce PR. Meal-induced changes in tryptophan:LNAA ratio: effects on craving and binge eating. Eat Behav. 2000 Sep;1(1):53-62.
14. Ashley DV, Fleury MO, Golay A, Maeder E, Leathwood PD. Evidence for diminished brain 5-hydroxytryptamine biosynthesis in obese diabetic and non-diabetic humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Dec;42(6):1240-5.
15. Schloss P, Williams DC. The serotonin transporter: a primary target for antidepressant drugs. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12(2):115-21.
16. Gross C, Zhuang X, Stark K, et al. Serotonin1A receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult. Nature. 2002 Mar 28;416(6879):396-400.
17. Available at: http://www.acnp.org/Docs/G5/CH2_15-34.pdf . Accessed January 5, 2008.
18. Altman PL, Dittmer DS (Editors). Metabolism Bethesda, Maryland: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1968.
19. Hartmann E, Spinweber CL. Sleep induced by L-tryptophan. Effect of dosages within the normal dietary intake. J Nerv Ment.Dis. 1979 Aug;167(8):497-9.
20. Kepplinger B, Baran H, Kainz A, et al. Age-related increase of kynurenic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid - IgG and beta2-microglobulin changes. Neurosignals. 2005;14(3):126-35.
21. Sainio E-L, Pulkki K, Young SN. L-tryptophan: biochemical, nutritional and pharmacological aspects. Amino Acids. 1996 Mar;10(1):21-47.
22. Li JS, Han Q, Fang J, Rizzi M, James AA, Li J. Biochemical mechanisms leading to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activation. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2007 Feb;64(2):74-87.
23. Brown RR, Ozaki Y, Datta SP, et al. Implications of interferon-induced tryptophan catabolism in cancer, auto-immune diseases and AIDS. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;294:425-35.
24. MacKenzie CR, Heseler K, Müller A, Däubener W. Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in antimicrobial defence and immuno-regulation: tryptophan depletion versus production of toxic kynurenines. Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Apr;8(3):237-44.
25. Schrocksnadel K, Wirleitner B, Winkler C, Fuchs D. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Feb;364(1-2):82-90.
26. Schroecksnadel K, Zangerle R, Bellmann-Weiler R, et al. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase and other interferon-gamma-mediated pathways in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Apr;8(3):225-36.
27. Boasso A, Herbeuval JP, Hardy AW, et al. HIV inhibits CD4+ T-cell proliferation by inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3351-9.
28. Potula R, Poluektova L, Knipe B, et al. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enhances elimination of virus-infected macrophages in an animal model of HIV-1 encephalitis. Blood. 2005 Oct 1;106(7):2382-90.
29. Frick B, Schroecksnadel K, Neurauter G, Leblhuber F, Fuchs D. Increasing production of homocysteine and neopterin and degradation of tryptophan with older age. Clin Biochem. 2004 Aug;37(8):684-7.
30. Pertovaara M, Raitala A, Lehtimaki T, et al. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in nonagenarians is markedly increased and predicts mortality. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006 May;127(5):497-9.
31. Oldendorf WH, Szabo J. Amino acid assignment to one of three blood-brain barrier amino acid carriers. Am J Physiol. 1976 Jan;230(1):94-8.
32. Lucini V, Lucca A, Catalano M, Smeraldi E. Predictive value of tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratio to antidepressant response. J Affect Disord. 1996 Jan 22;36(3-4):129-33.
33. Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ. Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression. Obes Res. 1995 Nov;3 Suppl 4477S-80S.
34. Lieberman HR, Caballero B, Finer N. The composition of lunch determines afternoon plasma tryptophan ratios in humans.J Neural Transm. 1986;65(3-4):211-7.
35. Heraief E, Burckhardt P, Mauron C, Wurtman JJ, Wurtman RJ. The treatment of obesity by carbohydrate deprivation suppresses plasma tryptophan and its ratio to other large neutral amino acids. J Neural Transm. 1983;57(3):187-95.
36. Bender DA, Totoe L. High doses of vitamin B6 in the rat are associated with inhibition of hepatic tryptophan metabolism and increased uptake of tryptophan into the brain. J Neurochem. 1984 Sep;43(3):733-6.
37. Green AR, Aronson JK. Metabolism of an oral tryptophan load III: effect of a pyridoxine supplement. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980 Dec;10(6):617-9.
38. Korner E, Bertha G, Flooh E, et al. Sleep-inducing effect of L-tryptophane. Eur Neurol. 1986;25 Suppl 2:75-81.
39. Schmidt HS. L-tryptophan in the treatment of impaired respiration in sleep. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1983 Nov;19(6):625-9.
40. Lieberman HR, Corkin S, Spring BJ, Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH. The effects of dietary neurotransmitter precursors on human behavior. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Aug;42(2):366-70.
41. Booij L, Van der Does AJ, Haffmans PM, et al. The effects of high-dose and low-dose tryptophan depletion on mood and cognitive functions of remitted depressed patients. J Psychopharmacol. 2005 May;19(3):267-75.
42. Herrington RN, Bruce A, Johnstone EC, Lader MH. Comparative trial of L-tryptophan and amitriptyline in depressive illness. Psychol Med. 1976 Nov;6(4):673-8.
43. Kaye WH, Gendall KA, Fernstrom MH, et al. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on mood in bulimia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Jan 15;47(2):151-7.
44. Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ, Regan MM, et al. Effects of normal meals rich in carbohydrates or proteins on plasma tryptophan and tyrosine ratios. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):128-32.
45. Asheychik R, Jackson T, Baker H, et al. The efficacy of L-tryptophan in the reduction of sleep disturbance and depressive state in alcoholic patients. J Stud Alcohol. 1989 Nov;50(6):525-32.
46. van Praag H, de HS. Depression vulnerability and 5-hydroxytryptophan prophylaxis. Psychiatry Res. 1980 Sep;3(1):75-83.
47. van Hiele LJ. l-5-Hydroxytryptophan in depression: the first substitution therapy in psychiatry? The treatment of 99 out-patients with ‘therapy-resistant' depressions. Neuropsychobiology. 1980;6(4):230-40.
48. Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Feb;5(1):64-71.
49. Steinberg S, Annable L, Young SN, Liyanage N. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of L-tryptophan in premenstrual dysphoria. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Feb 1;45(3):313-20.
50. Hrboticky N, Leiter LA, Anderson GH. Menstrual cycle effects on the metabolism of tryptophan loads. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Jul;50(1):46-52.
51. Breum L, Rasmussen MH, Hilsted J, Fernstrom JD. Twenty-four-hour plasma tryptophan concentrations and ratios are below normal in obese subjects and are not normalized by substantial weight reduction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 May;77(5):1112-8.
52. Wurtman, JJ, Wurtman RJ. Suppression of carbohydrate consumption at snacks and at mealtime by DI-fenfluramine or tryptophan. In S. Garattini &:R. Samamin, (Eds.), Anorectic agents:Mechanisms of action and tolerance. New York: Raven Press, 1981:169-82.
53. Wurtman JJ, Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH, Henry P, Lipscomb A, Zeisel SH. Carbohydrate craving in obese people: Suppression by treatments affecting serotoninergic transmission. Int J Eat Disord. 1981 1(1):2-15.
54. Cavaliere H, Medeiros-Neto G. The anorectic effect of increasing doses of L-tryptophan in obese patients. Eat Weight Disord. 1997 Dec;2(4):211-5.
55. Heraief E, Burckhardt P, Wurtman J, Wurtman R. Tryptophan administration may enhance weight loss by some moderately obese patients on a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) diet. Int J Eat Disord. 1985; 4(3):281-92.
56. Hyman SL, Coyle JT, Parke JC, et al. Anorexia and altered serotonin metabolism in a patient with argininosuccinic aciduria. J Pediatr. 1986 May;108(5 Pt 1):705-9.
57. Murray MF, Langan M, MacGregor RR. Increased plasma tryptophan in HIV-infected patients treated with pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide. Nutrition. 2001 Jul;17(7-8):654-6.
58. Chouinard G, Young SN, Annable L, Sourkes TL. Tryptophan-nicotinamide, imipramine and their combination in depression. A controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1979 Apr;59(4):395-414.
59. Murray MF. Tryptophan depletion and HIV infection: a metabolic link to pathogenesis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Oct;3(10):644-52.
60. Lee J, Im YH, Jung HH, et al. Curcumin inhibits interferon-alpha induced NF-kappaB and COX-2 in human A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):313-8.
61. Cooper JR. The role of ascorbic acid in the oxidation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1961 Apr 21;92:208-11.
62. Freyre AV, Flichman JC. Spasmophilia caused by magnesium deficit. Psychosomatics. 1970 Sep;11(5):500-1.
63. Schneider-Helmert D, Spinweber CL. Evaluation of L-tryptophan for treatment of insomnia: a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;89(1):1-7.
64. Ferrero F, Zahnd J. Tryptophan in the treatment of insomnia in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Encephale. 1987 Jan;13(1):35-7.
65. No authors listed. Monograph: L-Tryptophan. Altern Med Rev.2006 Mar;11(1):52-6.
66. Young SN, Oravec M. The effect of growth hormone on the metabolism of a tryptophan load in the liver and brain of hypophysectomized rats. Can J Biochem. 1979 Jun;57(6):517-22.
67. Green AR, Aronson JK, Curzon G, Woods HF. Metabolism of an oral tryptophan load. I: Effects of dose and pretreatment with tryptophan. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980 Dec;10(6):603-10.
68. Young SN, Gauthier S. Effect of tryptophan administration on tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and indoleacetic acid in human lumbar and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981 Apr;44(4):323-8.
69. Price WA, Zimmer B, Kucas P. Serotonin syndrome: a case report. J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Jan;26(1):77-8.
70. Pope HG Jr, Jonas JM, Hudson JI, Kafka MP. Toxic reactions to the combination of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tryptophan. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 Apr;142(4):491-2.
71. Avarello TP, Cottone S. Serotonin syndrome: a reported case. Neurol Sci. 2002 Sep;23 Suppl 2:S55-6.
72. Gerson SC, Baldessarini RJ. Motor effects of serotonin in the central nervous system. Life Sci. 1980 Oct 20;27(16):1435-51.
73. Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;148(6):705-13.
74. Glassman AH, Platman SR. Potentiation of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. J Psychiatr Res. 1969 Dec;7(2):83-8.
75. Available at: http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/DVH/HerbsInteractions/0,3926,4031%7CL%252Dtryptophan,00.html. Accessed February 1, 2008.
76. Rossle M, Herz R, Mullen KD, Jones DB. The disposition of intravenous L-tryptophan in healthy subjects and in patients with liver disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Dec;22(6):633-8.
77. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr071.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2008.
78. Marz RB. Medical Nutrition from Marz. 2nd edition. Portland, OR:Omni Press;1999.
1. Payton A, Gibbons L, Davidson Y, et al. Influence of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms on cognitive decline and cognitive abilities in a nondemented elderly population. Mol Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;10(12):1133-9.
2. Meltzer CC, Price JC, Mathis CA, et al. Serotonin 1A receptor binding and treatment response in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Dec;29(12):2258-65.
3. Meltzer CC, Smith G, DeKosky ST, et al. Serotonin in aging, late-life depression, and Alzheimer's disease: the emerging role of functional imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 Jun;18(6):407-30.
4. Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science. 1971 Jul 9;173(992):149-52.
5. Fukuwatari T, Ohta M, Kimtjra N, Sasaki R, Shibata K. Conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin in Japanese women fed a purified diet conforming to the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2004 Dec;50(6):385-91.
6. Bell C, Abrams J, Nutt D. Tryptophan depletion and its implications for psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry. 2001 May;178:399-405.
7. Juhl JH. Fibromyalgia and the serotonin pathway. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Oct;3(5):367-75.
8. Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cairella M, et al. Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;294:591-3.
9. Riemann D, Feige B, Hornyak M, Koch S, Hohagen F, Voderholzer U. The tryptophan depletion test: impact on sleep in primary insomnia - a pilot study. Psychiatry Res. 2002 Mar 15;109(2):129-35.
10. Demisch K, Bauer J, Georgi K, Demisch L. Treatment of severe chronic insomnia with L-tryptophan: results of a double-blind cross-over study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987 Nov;20(6):242-4.
11. Hartmann E, Lindsley JG, Spinweber C. Chronic insomnia: effects of tryptophan, flurazepam, secobarbital, and placebo. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1983;80(2):138-42.
12. Schneider-Helmert D. Interval therapy with L-tryptophan in severe chronic insomniacs. A predictive laboratory study. Int Pharmacopsychiatry. 1981;16(3):162-73.
13. Gendall KA, Joyce PR. Meal-induced changes in tryptophan:LNAA ratio: effects on craving and binge eating. Eat Behav. 2000 Sep;1(1):53-62.
14. Ashley DV, Fleury MO, Golay A, Maeder E, Leathwood PD. Evidence for diminished brain 5-hydroxytryptamine biosynthesis in obese diabetic and non-diabetic humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Dec;42(6):1240-5.
15. Schloss P, Williams DC. The serotonin transporter: a primary target for antidepressant drugs. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12(2):115-21.
16. Gross C, Zhuang X, Stark K, et al. Serotonin1A receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult. Nature. 2002 Mar 28;416(6879):396-400.
17. Available at: http://www.acnp.org/Docs/G5/CH2_15-34.pdf . Accessed January 5, 2008.
18. Altman PL, Dittmer DS (Editors). Metabolism Bethesda, Maryland: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1968.
19. Hartmann E, Spinweber CL. Sleep induced by L-tryptophan. Effect of dosages within the normal dietary intake. J Nerv Ment.Dis. 1979 Aug;167(8):497-9.
20. Kepplinger B, Baran H, Kainz A, et al. Age-related increase of kynurenic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid - IgG and beta2-microglobulin changes. Neurosignals. 2005;14(3):126-35.
21. Sainio E-L, Pulkki K, Young SN. L-tryptophan: biochemical, nutritional and pharmacological aspects. Amino Acids. 1996 Mar;10(1):21-47.
22. Li JS, Han Q, Fang J, Rizzi M, James AA, Li J. Biochemical mechanisms leading to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activation. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2007 Feb;64(2):74-87.
23. Brown RR, Ozaki Y, Datta SP, et al. Implications of interferon-induced tryptophan catabolism in cancer, auto-immune diseases and AIDS. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;294:425-35.
24. MacKenzie CR, Heseler K, Müller A, Däubener W. Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in antimicrobial defence and immuno-regulation: tryptophan depletion versus production of toxic kynurenines. Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Apr;8(3):237-44.
25. Schrocksnadel K, Wirleitner B, Winkler C, Fuchs D. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Feb;364(1-2):82-90.
26. Schroecksnadel K, Zangerle R, Bellmann-Weiler R, et al. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase and other interferon-gamma-mediated pathways in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Apr;8(3):225-36.
27. Boasso A, Herbeuval JP, Hardy AW, et al. HIV inhibits CD4+ T-cell proliferation by inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3351-9.
28. Potula R, Poluektova L, Knipe B, et al. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enhances elimination of virus-infected macrophages in an animal model of HIV-1 encephalitis. Blood. 2005 Oct 1;106(7):2382-90.
29. Frick B, Schroecksnadel K, Neurauter G, Leblhuber F, Fuchs D. Increasing production of homocysteine and neopterin and degradation of tryptophan with older age. Clin Biochem. 2004 Aug;37(8):684-7.
30. Pertovaara M, Raitala A, Lehtimaki T, et al. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in nonagenarians is markedly increased and predicts mortality. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006 May;127(5):497-9.
31. Oldendorf WH, Szabo J. Amino acid assignment to one of three blood-brain barrier amino acid carriers. Am J Physiol. 1976 Jan;230(1):94-8.
32. Lucini V, Lucca A, Catalano M, Smeraldi E. Predictive value of tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratio to antidepressant response. J Affect Disord. 1996 Jan 22;36(3-4):129-33.
33. Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ. Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression. Obes Res. 1995 Nov;3 Suppl 4477S-80S.
34. Lieberman HR, Caballero B, Finer N. The composition of lunch determines afternoon plasma tryptophan ratios in humans.J Neural Transm. 1986;65(3-4):211-7.
35. Heraief E, Burckhardt P, Mauron C, Wurtman JJ, Wurtman RJ. The treatment of obesity by carbohydrate deprivation suppresses plasma tryptophan and its ratio to other large neutral amino acids. J Neural Transm. 1983;57(3):187-95.
36. Bender DA, Totoe L. High doses of vitamin B6 in the rat are associated with inhibition of hepatic tryptophan metabolism and increased uptake of tryptophan into the brain. J Neurochem. 1984 Sep;43(3):733-6.
37. Green AR, Aronson JK. Metabolism of an oral tryptophan load III: effect of a pyridoxine supplement. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980 Dec;10(6):617-9.
38. Korner E, Bertha G, Flooh E, et al. Sleep-inducing effect of L-tryptophane. Eur Neurol. 1986;25 Suppl 2:75-81.
39. Schmidt HS. L-tryptophan in the treatment of impaired respiration in sleep. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1983 Nov;19(6):625-9.
40. Lieberman HR, Corkin S, Spring BJ, Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH. The effects of dietary neurotransmitter precursors on human behavior. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Aug;42(2):366-70.
41. Booij L, Van der Does AJ, Haffmans PM, et al. The effects of high-dose and low-dose tryptophan depletion on mood and cognitive functions of remitted depressed patients. J Psychopharmacol. 2005 May;19(3):267-75.
42. Herrington RN, Bruce A, Johnstone EC, Lader MH. Comparative trial of L-tryptophan and amitriptyline in depressive illness. Psychol Med. 1976 Nov;6(4):673-8.
43. Kaye WH, Gendall KA, Fernstrom MH, et al. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on mood in bulimia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Jan 15;47(2):151-7.
44. Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ, Regan MM, et al. Effects of normal meals rich in carbohydrates or proteins on plasma tryptophan and tyrosine ratios. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):128-32.
45. Asheychik R, Jackson T, Baker H, et al. The efficacy of L-tryptophan in the reduction of sleep disturbance and depressive state in alcoholic patients. J Stud Alcohol. 1989 Nov;50(6):525-32.
46. van Praag H, de HS. Depression vulnerability and 5-hydroxytryptophan prophylaxis. Psychiatry Res. 1980 Sep;3(1):75-83.
47. van Hiele LJ. l-5-Hydroxytryptophan in depression: the first substitution therapy in psychiatry? The treatment of 99 out-patients with ‘therapy-resistant' depressions. Neuropsychobiology. 1980;6(4):230-40.
48. Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Feb;5(1):64-71.
49. Steinberg S, Annable L, Young SN, Liyanage N. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of L-tryptophan in premenstrual dysphoria. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Feb 1;45(3):313-20.
50. Hrboticky N, Leiter LA, Anderson GH. Menstrual cycle effects on the metabolism of tryptophan loads. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Jul;50(1):46-52.
51. Breum L, Rasmussen MH, Hilsted J, Fernstrom JD. Twenty-four-hour plasma tryptophan concentrations and ratios are below normal in obese subjects and are not normalized by substantial weight reduction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 May;77(5):1112-8.
52. Wurtman, JJ, Wurtman RJ. Suppression of carbohydrate consumption at snacks and at mealtime by DI-fenfluramine or tryptophan. In S. Garattini &:R. Samamin, (Eds.), Anorectic agents:Mechanisms of action and tolerance. New York: Raven Press, 1981:169-82.
53. Wurtman JJ, Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH, Henry P, Lipscomb A, Zeisel SH. Carbohydrate craving in obese people: Suppression by treatments affecting serotoninergic transmission. Int J Eat Disord. 1981 1(1):2-15.
54. Cavaliere H, Medeiros-Neto G. The anorectic effect of increasing doses of L-tryptophan in obese patients. Eat Weight Disord. 1997 Dec;2(4):211-5.
55. Heraief E, Burckhardt P, Wurtman J, Wurtman R. Tryptophan administration may enhance weight loss by some moderately obese patients on a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) diet. Int J Eat Disord. 1985; 4(3):281-92.
56. Hyman SL, Coyle JT, Parke JC, et al. Anorexia and altered serotonin metabolism in a patient with argininosuccinic aciduria. J Pediatr. 1986 May;108(5 Pt 1):705-9.
57. Murray MF, Langan M, MacGregor RR. Increased plasma tryptophan in HIV-infected patients treated with pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide. Nutrition. 2001 Jul;17(7-8):654-6.
58. Chouinard G, Young SN, Annable L, Sourkes TL. Tryptophan-nicotinamide, imipramine and their combination in depression. A controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1979 Apr;59(4):395-414.
59. Murray MF. Tryptophan depletion and HIV infection: a metabolic link to pathogenesis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Oct;3(10):644-52.
60. Lee J, Im YH, Jung HH, et al. Curcumin inhibits interferon-alpha induced NF-kappaB and COX-2 in human A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):313-8.
61. Cooper JR. The role of ascorbic acid in the oxidation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1961 Apr 21;92:208-11.
62. Freyre AV, Flichman JC. Spasmophilia caused by magnesium deficit. Psychosomatics. 1970 Sep;11(5):500-1.
63. Schneider-Helmert D, Spinweber CL. Evaluation of L-tryptophan for treatment of insomnia: a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;89(1):1-7.
64. Ferrero F, Zahnd J. Tryptophan in the treatment of insomnia in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Encephale. 1987 Jan;13(1):35-7.
65. No authors listed. Monograph: L-Tryptophan. Altern Med Rev.2006 Mar;11(1):52-6.
66. Young SN, Oravec M. The effect of growth hormone on the metabolism of a tryptophan load in the liver and brain of hypophysectomized rats. Can J Biochem. 1979 Jun;57(6):517-22.
67. Green AR, Aronson JK, Curzon G, Woods HF. Metabolism of an oral tryptophan load. I: Effects of dose and pretreatment with tryptophan. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980 Dec;10(6):603-10.
68. Young SN, Gauthier S. Effect of tryptophan administration on tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and indoleacetic acid in human lumbar and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981 Apr;44(4):323-8.
69. Price WA, Zimmer B, Kucas P. Serotonin syndrome: a case report. J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Jan;26(1):77-8.
70. Pope HG Jr, Jonas JM, Hudson JI, Kafka MP. Toxic reactions to the combination of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tryptophan. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 Apr;142(4):491-2.
71. Avarello TP, Cottone S. Serotonin syndrome: a reported case. Neurol Sci. 2002 Sep;23 Suppl 2:S55-6.
72. Gerson SC, Baldessarini RJ. Motor effects of serotonin in the central nervous system. Life Sci. 1980 Oct 20;27(16):1435-51.
73. Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;148(6):705-13.
74. Glassman AH, Platman SR. Potentiation of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. J Psychiatr Res. 1969 Dec;7(2):83-8.
75. Available at: http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/DVH/HerbsInteractions/0,3926,4031%7CL%252Dtryptophan,00.html. Accessed February 1, 2008.
76. Rossle M, Herz R, Mullen KD, Jones DB. The disposition of intravenous L-tryptophan in healthy subjects and in patients with liver disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Dec;22(6):633-8.
77. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr071.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2008.
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